Abstract
Key message
Complete differentiation of the first earlywood vessels occurred earlier in upper regions of stems than in middle and lower regions when buds swelling in a ring-porous hardwood Quercus serrata seedlings.
Abstract
In deciduous ring-porous hardwoods, the timing of the onset of conduction of water via the networks of the current year’s earlywood vessels is very important for the growth of buds and shoots because the main pathways for conduction of water are the networks of the current year’s earlywood vessels. The purpose of this study was to visualize the formation of the networks of first earlywood vessels in the current year’s xylem of seedlings of the deciduous ring-porous hardwood Quercus serrata. We monitored the distribution of water in the current and the previous year’s secondary xylem at the cellular level in upper, middle and lower regions of stems during the formation of earlywood vessels by cryo-scanning electron microscopy after freeze-etching. We also examined how changes in water distribution were correlated with leaf phenology. The contents of the first vessel elements in the upper region of the stem changed from cytoplasm-rich to water earlier than those in middle and lower regions of the stem when buds were increasing in size. At bud break, vessel elements were filled with water throughout the entire stem. When the cambium was dormant and during formation of earlywood vessels, the previous year’s latewood vessels were filled with water. Our results showed that complete differentiation of vessel elements occurred earlier in upper regions of stems than in middle and lower regions. Moreover, the functional networks of the previous year’s latewood vessels appeared to be involved in supplying water to new networks of earlywood vessels in the current year’s xylem.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported, in part, by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (nos. 20120009, 21380107, 24380090, 15K07508, 15H04527, 16K14954 and 16K18732).
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Communicated by A. Nardini.
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468_2018_1667_MOESM1_ESM.jpg
Collection of samples from Quercus serrata seedlings. Watertight collars were fitted at upper, middle and lower positions on the stem. The stem was cut, near the ground position, under water and then the seedling was transferred to a container that contained a solution of acid fuchsin (a). After immersion in dye for two hours, liquid nitrogen (LN2) was poured into the collars and the water in the stem was allowed to freeze for approximately 5 minutes (b). Disks of 10-cm thickness were cut from the frozen stem in the upper, middle and lower regions. Bars 5 cm (JPG 3087 KB)
468_2018_1667_MOESM2_ESM.jpg
Meteorological data showing the minimum, mean and maximum daily air temperatures and daily precipitation at the nearest meteorological station in Fuchu, Tokyo [the Japan Meteorological Agency in Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan (35°41′N, 139°29′E)], from 1st September 2011 to 28 February 2013 (JPG 373 KB)
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Kudo, K., Utsumi, Y., Kuroda, K. et al. Formation of new networks of earlywood vessels in seedlings of the deciduous ring-porous hardwood Quercus serrata in springtime. Trees 32, 725–734 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-018-1667-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-018-1667-2