Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Cathepsin D in pancreatic acinar cells is implicated in cathepsin B and L degradation, but not in autophagic activity
Introduction
Cathepsin D (CD) is a major intracellular aspartic protease of the pepsin superfamily. It is expressed in endosomes and lysosomes, where it is involved in several physiological functions such as protein degradation, apoptosis, autophagy [1], [2], cell growth, and tissue homeostasis [3]. Additionally, it is associated with several pathophysiological conditions such as cancer [4], Alzheimer's disease [5], atherosclerosis [6], and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis [7]. Although CD is found in almost all mammalian cells and has a typical lysosomal localization [8], its organ-specific roles are not well understood.
CD matures by multiple proteolytic cleavages of preprocathepsin D [9]. In humans, the 52 kDa pro-CD is localized to lysosomes [10], where 44 amino acids are removed from the amino terminus, producing a 48 kDa single-chain intermediate active form. This proteolytic cleavage is either performed by lysosomal cysteine proteases and/or by autocatalysis of CD itself [11], [12]. Cleavage of the intermediate 48 kDa single-chain form produces the active, mature double-chain enzyme which is composed of heavy (34 KDa) and light (14 KDa) chains linked by non-covalent interactions. It is believed that lysosomal cysteine proteases perform this cleavage, as processing is partially inhibited by leupeptin [13].
Recent advances in understanding the effect of CD in vivo were obtained by analysis of CD-deficient mice. Although CD-deficient mice have no obvious phenotype at birth and grow normally, they develop anomalies later in life. At the age of 2 weeks, CD-deficient mice exhibit abnormal weight loss accompanied by progressive atrophy of intestinal mucosa. This is followed by massive intestinal necrosis, thromboembolia, and significant loss of lymphocytes in the spleen and thymus. CD-deficient mice die in an anorexic state at 4 weeks old [3], [14]. Increased apoptosis observed in the thymus, thalamus, and retina indicates that CD is required in certain epithelial cells for tissue remodeling and renewal, possibly by regulating essential growth factors [14]. Accumulation of autofluorescent, ceroid lipopigment material occurs in sheep with an enzymatically inactive form of CD [15] and in mice expressing a truncated CD polypeptide [3], [14]. Accumulation of this material leads to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a group of inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases.
Autophagy is a highly conserved degredation pathway by which excess, unneeded, and old intracellular macromolecules are discarded. Macromolecules to be discarded are delivered to lysosomes, where they are degraded into active monomers and subsequently reused to maintain cellular metabolic turnover and homeostasis [2]. Processing of macromolecules into free monomers is performed by enzymes of the hydrolase family, the most important of which is the cathepsin family of proteases such as CD, cathepsin B (CB) and cathepsin L (CL).
In this study, we generated mice lacking CD in the pancreas and analyzed both normal and acute pancreatitis conditions. Although autophagic activity as estimated by the expression level of the selective autophagy substrate p62 is normal, CD deficiency results in accumulation of LC3-II, an autophagosome marker, and mature CB and CL, which are lysosomal cysteine proteases.
Section snippets
Animal protocol and experimental design
Mice were kept under specific pathogen-free conditions with free access to food and water in a 12 h (h) light/dark cycle. C57BL/6N mice were purchased from the CREA Japan. All animal experiments were performed with approval of the Kumamoto University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Generation of CD deficient mice in the pancreatic acinar cells
We generated mice where the second exon of CD was flanked by loxP sites. Mice homozygous for this modification are denoted by CDf/f. Spink3cre/+ [15] and Ptf1acre/+ [16] mice were generated previously. In
Results and discussion
It is reported that CD is expressed in multiple mouse organs including lung, heart, kidney, liver, and intestine, but not in the pancreas. Thus, we measured pancreatic CD expression in both mouse embryos and adults. An accumulation of the pro- and heavy chain forms of the soluble lysosomal enzyme CD were detected in pancreas at both 4- and 8-weeks-old (Fig. 1).
To analyze the role of CD in pancreatic acinar cells, we generated mice harboring a loxP-flanked allele of CD (CDf/f) and specifically
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Ms. Michiyo Nakata for her extraordinary preparation of tissue sections. This work was supported by MEXT KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26111516, 26110003.
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